Tag Archives: Science

Redefining “Harmless Belief”: A Letter to Believers, Part One

Often the conclusion is made by “casual” affiliates of any religious denomination that the absence of an extremist behavior constitutes a moral right, and moral validity, to the comfort and happiness said individuals may achieve through prayer and belief. However, this extremely common and rarely challenged point of view precludes the possibility that a significant number of people have misinterpreted what it means for the nature of something to be harmless. A good example of this may come from briefly discussing University of Arizona professor and microbiologist Charles Gerba. Gerba, who is also the spokesperson for Coverall Health-Based Cleaning System, a commercial cleaning industry that commonly specializes in office workplace bacteria control, has published several scientific case studies pertaining to the unknown danger of microbial bacteria that commonly lurks in unsuspected areas. Much of Gerba’s work is to analyze the bacterial composition of unsuspecting and/or common household surfaces, followed by comparing the bacterial infestation of said surfaces with commonly suspected surfaces of bacterial infestation. For example, it is of common assumption to believe that a toilet seat or toilet bowl has a significantly greater bacterial infestation than say, a door handle or a TV remote, when in actuality, according to Gerba, the opposite is more commonly true. This is due to the simple fact that areas such as toilet bowls, or other commonly assumed homes of bacterial infestation, are much more frequently subjected to regular cleaning, whereas hardly anyone considers it a necessity to wipe down their television remote or bathroom doorknob, despite it being smothered is harmful bacteria.

Casual, or “harmless” religious association, can be equated to something of a similar nature, in that modernized societies (such as the United States) will usually share progressive enough values to be in agreement toward stomping out and/or disavowing the extremist mentality of certain religious individuals, however, much of modernized society fails to consider the unsuspecting nature, and very genuine danger that comes from allowing the perpetuation of said form of belief. Perhaps a reason for such inherent blindness is the inability of one to see beyond the malicious nature of their own prosperity. After all, if an individual prospers from a belief that is socially acceptable, whether said prosperity be socially or through monetary value, one would surely have difficulty in identifying the negative consequences that others suffer from as a result if they or their loved ones are not subjected to said consequences in any manner. This is the unspoken privilege of belief, the ability to abstain from certain laws pertaining to others, to be exempt from taxes that others are not, to be held in higher political regard, to be represented on all American bills of currency (not to mention the racial dilemma that is many historically known slave owners represented on American currency as well), and to even interpret to Constitution as one sees fit.

Are believers even familiar with the much overlooked military prejudice that is still currently in affect? A recent and sickening example of this is the 2014 incidence of an American Air Force sergeant who was refused military reenlistment based on his choice to abstain from the words “so help me God,” written within the religious oath section of his and all other military personnel contracts of the Air Force. If anyone happens to be equipped with the unfortunate gall to defend these actions, said individual must also be prepared to defend the idea that a soldier who has enlisted his or her service in honor and defense of his or her country is not protected by the very document he or she is upholding, which I suppose, given the unspoken privilege, one would be freely supported in their ignorance to do so. There is also the well-known matter of “conscientious objector” status for military drafting, in which an individual who seeks to decline military drafting based solely on the grounds of his or hers own moral and ethical judgment is never given equivalent consideration that an individual who declines military drafting based on grounds of religious doctrine.

Austin Cline, contributor to the religion section of About.com, describes what is referred to in the social science as “Unconscious Ideology,” under the article “Religious Privilege: How Religion, Religious Groups, and Beliefs are Privileged.” Unconscious Ideology is a simple concept, in that an individual’s religious privilege is perpetuated in a manner that said individual is not conscious of, due to the structure of his or her environment being catered toward a lifestyle of unquestioned belief. There is also the particularly sinister existence of “Blasphemy Laws,” which are of relatively equivalent nature to the dystopian concept of “thought crime” in George Orwell’s novel 1984, in which individuals who speak out and or verbally reject religious ideologies are extremely susceptible, and often subjected to, criminal punishment. Though laws of this manner are nearly non-existent in all of western civilization, they are still regularly practiced and endorsed throughout the Middle East.

Speaking Briefly About Citizen Science: How Scienentific Research is Rapidly Expanding

There was a time, not long ago, when a certain kind of exclusion amongst ordinary citizens from the realm of scientific inquiry and experiment was common law; if you had not ascertained a PhD at some point in your life, you were likely not considered a legitimate candidate in the scientific community. Of course, we can extract well-known exceptions from history, most obviously Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, two men of commonly unimpressive scholarly endeavors who would nevertheless go on to become the two most revered physicists in modern history. However, Newton and Einstein, like few others in history, were exceedingly rare  exceptions. The exclusion of ordinary citizens who have sought to make a significant contribution to the scientific community has been a genuine concern of mine for the past several years, however, that concern has gradually begun to ease greater and greater recently.  

A 2009 article published in the Oxford Journal of BioScience written by Rick Bonney, Caren B. Cooper, and several other contributing writers, eloquently summarizes the characteristics of citizen science:

Citizen science enlists the public in collecting large quantities of data across an array of habitats and locations over long spans of time. Citizen science projects have been remarkably successful in advancing scientific knowledge, and contributions from citizen scientists now provide a vast quantity of data of species occurrence and distribution around the world.

Of course, the study of ecology and biology are not the only available fields of citizen participation. The field of astronomy for example, is a scientific field wildly open to the public. There are several websites in fact that cater specifically toward the citizen study of the cosmos; sites such as Galaxy Zoo, Planet Hunters, Radio Galaxy Zoo, The Milky Way Project, and several others, enlist the aid of volunteer researches to classify and observe the extraordinary surplus of scientific data left unattended due to a shortage of professional scientists humanly available. Data collected from sources such as the Hubble Space Telescope and SDSS Skyserver are available for the public to openly dissect. In doing so, it is the hopes of citizens and scientists alike that such an approach to science will generate valuable research at a much faster pace than ever before, as well as endorse the capabilities for a more scientifically literate society. 

 

For more detailed information regarding the practice of citizen science, visit citizensciencealliance.org and zooniverse.org.

 

 

 

 

Gaia: European Space Agency’s most important Satellite Yet

Nearly eight months ago, the European Space Agency (esa) successfully launched an unmanned spacecraft under the project name Gaia into orbit approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. As of July 29th, 2014, the Gaia satellite officially began operational status. The purpose of Gaia is to configure the most accurate mapping of the Milky Way Galaxy to-date, over the course of a five year time-span. During that time, the satellite will measure approximately one billion stars contained within the Milky Way Galaxy, measuring each star’s parallax (distance and movement), magnitude, and chemical composition. In effect, the ESA hopes to accomplish the successful configuration of mapping our Milky Way to better understand the actual size and shape of it.

 

“Gaia Satellite before Launch, under Construction.” Photo. Futura-sciences.com 15 Oct. 2013

Though measurements of the galaxy’s size in diameter are considered fairly accurate as of the present moment (approximately 100,000 light years across), astronomers and physicists have had no real way of observing the definite shape of the Milky Way galaxy until now. This lack of available observation is due to the very simple fact that we cannot see the actual shape of our galaxy if we ourselves are contained inside of it. Therefore, we have relied on the observation of other galaxies in order to make an educated guess as to the size and shape of our own. On top of that, space technology advanced enough to journey beyond the outer-limits of our galaxy have yet to be developed; Voyager 1 for example, launched in 1977, is the furthest traveled unmanned space vessel to-date, having journeyed somewhere in the vicinity of 20 billion kilometers (for up-to-date tracking on Voyager 1 and 2’s status, visit voyager.jpl.nasa.gov). As remarkably vast this distance may seem, is meager in comparison to cosmic terms.

Despite this shortcoming, Gaia is humankind’s most viable effort yet to better understand the physical and chemical composition of our planetary kingdom, the ambition of such comparable to the Hubble Space Telescope. The satellite is equipped with two telescopes containing ten mirrors with the purpose of reflecting as much light as possible into a series of digital detectors that will then be captured and converted into a digital image. Though a relatively simplistic mechanism, Gaia will nevertheless generate a tremendous amount of new and vital information regarding our galaxy.

For more details pertaining to Gaia and ESA, visit www.esa.int/Gaia

“Gaia’s Internal Structure.” Picture. Astro.utu.fi n.d. 

Eric DeCamp

decamperic@gmail.com