Philosophy

To quote Nobel Prize winner and contemporary philosopher, Burtrend Russell:

“The real question is: Is there anything we can think of which, by the mere fact that we can think of it, is shown to exist outside of our thought? Every philosopher would like to say yes, because a philosopher’s job is to find out things about the world by thinking rather than observing. If yes is the right answer, there is a bridge from pure thought to things. If not, not.”

Philosophy is just that . A deceleration of ideas and possibilities in attempt to conclude a particular form of purpose, or for that matter, the absence of purpose. Philosophy does not require data, nor evidence, nor observation. Philosophy is not necessarily absent of these things, however, if said things are to arise in the context of philosophy, the individual practicing said philosophy must accept the possibility that he or she may unwittingly be a participant of scientific endeavors.

This is the defining difference between each practice. To disagree is merely a matter of philosophy.

A New Misconception regarding the Burka (or Hijab)

A somewhat invasive article published on September 15th 2014 by NPR entitled “Covering Up With The Hijab May Aid Women’s Body Image” appears to scientifically endorse what has long been one of the more obviously enforced religious ideologies, to be of possible benefit to women who are subjected to said ideology. NPR columnist Michaeleen Doucleff writes on behalf of British psychologist and University of Westminster in London professor, Viren Swami,  who in 2013 conducted a survey that accounted for nearly 600 Muslim women living in Britain. The goal of professor Swami’s survey was to discover how many Muslim women living in Britain wore such articles of clothing as hijabs or burkas, as well as how many Muslim women did not. The following is an abstract from Doucleff’s article pertaining to what Swami and her graduate studies colleagues found:

So the team surveyed nearly 600 Muslim women in Britain. About 200 said they never used the hijab. The others said they wore it at least sometimes. Swami and his colleagues also asked the women a whole slew of questions to measure how they felt about their bodies.

The difference between the two groups was small. But across all parameters, the women who wore the hijab, at least some of the time, had more positive views of their bodies on average. They had less desire to be thin. They appreciated their bodies more. And they weren’t as influenced by media messages about beauty standards.

Since the actual study itself is available only by way of relatively costly purchase through online library resources (ranging from $30 – $50), we are, at the moment, confined to the limitations of secondary resources, such as Doucleff’s general report. With that in mind, it is important to note that any critical analysis that follows has been obtained only through what has been freely reported. At the moment, we will critically analyze was Doucleff has reported in attempt to keep the order of things relatively simple.

There are positives and negatives to be found in Swami’s study. The positive beginning with Swami’s acknowledgement  that articles of clothing such as the hijab or burka (or other variations of a similar nature) are in no way innately beneficial to a woman’s body image, and in fact said benefit only pertains to certain countries, such as Great Britain and the United States, where Muslim women have the choice to where said clothing, opposed to being forced by cultural expectations or law, as is the case in the Middle-East. Swami also keenly recognizes the inapplicable circumstance of the hijab or burka applying to countries such as France, where as Doucleff mentions, it is illegal to wear face covering veils. 

However, there are many more negatives presented by Swami that lead to an extremely inconclusive and significantly narrow-minded conclusion that pertains only to an extremely minute population of people. This begins with Swami’s distinct liberalized point of focus regarding said article of clothing, in that there is no significant time spent to regard the hierarchical and extremely misogynistic origins regarding the burka and hijab. For instance, the issue that is Muslim women being indoctrinated for centuries to believe that wearing the burka is of sacred order and commandment enforced by God to fulfill a woman’s role of modesty, is one that is not openly expressed, nor is the issue of historically accounted for barbaric punishment inflicted upon women who have chosen to deny this questionable commandment. Secondly, Swami fails to recognize (ironically we may add) the severe psychological dilemma that is any woman belonging to this particular culture and belief to have likely been forcefully taught, once again due to a dogmatic and hierarchical system, to believe that this is a matter of choice, when in actuality it is not. By this we mean the notion of “Big Brother,” in which some Muslim women living within free societies, such as Great Britain, may indeed have no humanly overseer to fear in choosing to wear or not wear said article of clothing, but it has most certainly been ingrained within many of them that an all-mighty deity, in this case Allah, is still moderating their conviction to his supreme order.

The notion that something which was birthed from archaic and ritualistic doctrine, one that wholly endorses the practice of misogyny, has somehow evolved into a mechanism for promoting positive body image, is a wholesomely ignorant idea that excludes a numerous amount of variables that would counter Swami’s conclusion.

Neither Swami or Doucleff care to acknowledge the fact that the negative body image women often obtain can likely be equated to (not to mention a more valuable and concrete scientific survey could be formed from) the fact that said concept of body image is derived from the cultural expectations enforced on women in both progressive and traditionalist societies that are operated under hierarchies of extreme prejudice. Doucleff also includes what is an extremely ignorant and laughable point of view made by Tabassum Ruby, a Western Michigan University student involved in Women’s & Gender Studies, who states that “Wearing the hijab eliminates many of the hassles women have to go through — such as dyeing their hair,” she says. “For example, you’re getting old, and gray hairs, when you wear the hijab, you might not think about dyeing your hair because nobody sees it anyway.”

If one were to wear black gloves over their hands for a large percentage of their life, surely said person would not have nearly as great of a concern as to the cleanliness, order, or shape of their nails as someone who does not. However, this should in no way conclude that one’s absent-mindedness of “cuticle cleanliness” to be of great benefit to their overall health. Swami’s study, at least from what Doucleff has presented to us, fails to consider having a negative perception of the body to actually be of benefit to the overall health of an individual. In no way does this claim that any man or woman burdened by years of chronic negative self-perception is to reap some kind of benefit from said suffering, however, the perception presented by Swami’s research is one of Utopian-like characteristics, in that all individuals have acquired a perfect conception of their selves based on one particular form of cultural identification, therefore there is no longer a need to progress or change in any way. Of course, this is an example taken to the extreme. To some extent the overall health and appearance of an individual, be it man or woman, is certainly of significance to a long-term benefit. However, Swami appears to be in much greater favor of purely one’s psychological health, as well as wholesomely rejecting the much supported notion of beauty being entirely subjective, rather than finding a certain amount of significance that is the inclusion of one’s own physical and biological health. Perhaps though, we should follow from Swami’s example, wrap ourselves in hooded sweatshirts or even some kind of modernized burka, lest we discover a gray hair lurking in the midst of our unwavering beauty….

Redefining “Harmless Belief”: A Letter to Believers, Part One

Often the conclusion is made by “casual” affiliates of any religious denomination that the absence of an extremist behavior constitutes a moral right, and moral validity, to the comfort and happiness said individuals may achieve through prayer and belief. However, this extremely common and rarely challenged point of view precludes the possibility that a significant number of people have misinterpreted what it means for the nature of something to be harmless. A good example of this may come from briefly discussing University of Arizona professor and microbiologist Charles Gerba. Gerba, who is also the spokesperson for Coverall Health-Based Cleaning System, a commercial cleaning industry that commonly specializes in office workplace bacteria control, has published several scientific case studies pertaining to the unknown danger of microbial bacteria that commonly lurks in unsuspected areas. Much of Gerba’s work is to analyze the bacterial composition of unsuspecting and/or common household surfaces, followed by comparing the bacterial infestation of said surfaces with commonly suspected surfaces of bacterial infestation. For example, it is of common assumption to believe that a toilet seat or toilet bowl has a significantly greater bacterial infestation than say, a door handle or a TV remote, when in actuality, according to Gerba, the opposite is more commonly true. This is due to the simple fact that areas such as toilet bowls, or other commonly assumed homes of bacterial infestation, are much more frequently subjected to regular cleaning, whereas hardly anyone considers it a necessity to wipe down their television remote or bathroom doorknob, despite it being smothered is harmful bacteria.

Casual, or “harmless” religious association, can be equated to something of a similar nature, in that modernized societies (such as the United States) will usually share progressive enough values to be in agreement toward stomping out and/or disavowing the extremist mentality of certain religious individuals, however, much of modernized society fails to consider the unsuspecting nature, and very genuine danger that comes from allowing the perpetuation of said form of belief. Perhaps a reason for such inherent blindness is the inability of one to see beyond the malicious nature of their own prosperity. After all, if an individual prospers from a belief that is socially acceptable, whether said prosperity be socially or through monetary value, one would surely have difficulty in identifying the negative consequences that others suffer from as a result if they or their loved ones are not subjected to said consequences in any manner. This is the unspoken privilege of belief, the ability to abstain from certain laws pertaining to others, to be exempt from taxes that others are not, to be held in higher political regard, to be represented on all American bills of currency (not to mention the racial dilemma that is many historically known slave owners represented on American currency as well), and to even interpret to Constitution as one sees fit.

Are believers even familiar with the much overlooked military prejudice that is still currently in affect? A recent and sickening example of this is the 2014 incidence of an American Air Force sergeant who was refused military reenlistment based on his choice to abstain from the words “so help me God,” written within the religious oath section of his and all other military personnel contracts of the Air Force. If anyone happens to be equipped with the unfortunate gall to defend these actions, said individual must also be prepared to defend the idea that a soldier who has enlisted his or her service in honor and defense of his or her country is not protected by the very document he or she is upholding, which I suppose, given the unspoken privilege, one would be freely supported in their ignorance to do so. There is also the well-known matter of “conscientious objector” status for military drafting, in which an individual who seeks to decline military drafting based solely on the grounds of his or hers own moral and ethical judgment is never given equivalent consideration that an individual who declines military drafting based on grounds of religious doctrine.

Austin Cline, contributor to the religion section of About.com, describes what is referred to in the social science as “Unconscious Ideology,” under the article “Religious Privilege: How Religion, Religious Groups, and Beliefs are Privileged.” Unconscious Ideology is a simple concept, in that an individual’s religious privilege is perpetuated in a manner that said individual is not conscious of, due to the structure of his or her environment being catered toward a lifestyle of unquestioned belief. There is also the particularly sinister existence of “Blasphemy Laws,” which are of relatively equivalent nature to the dystopian concept of “thought crime” in George Orwell’s novel 1984, in which individuals who speak out and or verbally reject religious ideologies are extremely susceptible, and often subjected to, criminal punishment. Though laws of this manner are nearly non-existent in all of western civilization, they are still regularly practiced and endorsed throughout the Middle East.

Speaking Briefly About Citizen Science: How Scienentific Research is Rapidly Expanding

There was a time, not long ago, when a certain kind of exclusion amongst ordinary citizens from the realm of scientific inquiry and experiment was common law; if you had not ascertained a PhD at some point in your life, you were likely not considered a legitimate candidate in the scientific community. Of course, we can extract well-known exceptions from history, most obviously Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, two men of commonly unimpressive scholarly endeavors who would nevertheless go on to become the two most revered physicists in modern history. However, Newton and Einstein, like few others in history, were exceedingly rare  exceptions. The exclusion of ordinary citizens who have sought to make a significant contribution to the scientific community has been a genuine concern of mine for the past several years, however, that concern has gradually begun to ease greater and greater recently.  

A 2009 article published in the Oxford Journal of BioScience written by Rick Bonney, Caren B. Cooper, and several other contributing writers, eloquently summarizes the characteristics of citizen science:

Citizen science enlists the public in collecting large quantities of data across an array of habitats and locations over long spans of time. Citizen science projects have been remarkably successful in advancing scientific knowledge, and contributions from citizen scientists now provide a vast quantity of data of species occurrence and distribution around the world.

Of course, the study of ecology and biology are not the only available fields of citizen participation. The field of astronomy for example, is a scientific field wildly open to the public. There are several websites in fact that cater specifically toward the citizen study of the cosmos; sites such as Galaxy Zoo, Planet Hunters, Radio Galaxy Zoo, The Milky Way Project, and several others, enlist the aid of volunteer researches to classify and observe the extraordinary surplus of scientific data left unattended due to a shortage of professional scientists humanly available. Data collected from sources such as the Hubble Space Telescope and SDSS Skyserver are available for the public to openly dissect. In doing so, it is the hopes of citizens and scientists alike that such an approach to science will generate valuable research at a much faster pace than ever before, as well as endorse the capabilities for a more scientifically literate society. 

 

For more detailed information regarding the practice of citizen science, visit citizensciencealliance.org and zooniverse.org.

 

 

 

 

From SPACE.com: “Weird Supernova May Blow Away Star Explosion Theories”

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SPACE.com

July 31, 2014
Jesse Emspak

Light from a radioactive metal forged inside a supernova blast could prompt a rethink of how some star explosions occur.

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This image from NASA’s Swift space telescope, taken on Jan. 22, 2014, shows the supernova SN 2014J as seen in three different exposures by the space observatory. Scientists suspect the weird supernova’s progenitor star may have had a helium belt. Credit: NASA/Swift/P. Brown, TAMU

The supernova SN 2014J is located 11.4 million light-years from Earth in the galaxy M82. Astronomers used the European Space Agency’s International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) spacecraft to examine the star explosion’s light spectrum in the gamma-ray bands and saw elements that shouldn’t have been there — suggesting that widely accepted models of how such events happen might be incomplete.

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To celebrate the Hubble Space Telescope’s 16 years of success, the two space agencies involved in the…

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Gaia: European Space Agency’s most important Satellite Yet

Nearly eight months ago, the European Space Agency (esa) successfully launched an unmanned spacecraft under the project name Gaia into orbit approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. As of July 29th, 2014, the Gaia satellite officially began operational status. The purpose of Gaia is to configure the most accurate mapping of the Milky Way Galaxy to-date, over the course of a five year time-span. During that time, the satellite will measure approximately one billion stars contained within the Milky Way Galaxy, measuring each star’s parallax (distance and movement), magnitude, and chemical composition. In effect, the ESA hopes to accomplish the successful configuration of mapping our Milky Way to better understand the actual size and shape of it.

 

“Gaia Satellite before Launch, under Construction.” Photo. Futura-sciences.com 15 Oct. 2013

Though measurements of the galaxy’s size in diameter are considered fairly accurate as of the present moment (approximately 100,000 light years across), astronomers and physicists have had no real way of observing the definite shape of the Milky Way galaxy until now. This lack of available observation is due to the very simple fact that we cannot see the actual shape of our galaxy if we ourselves are contained inside of it. Therefore, we have relied on the observation of other galaxies in order to make an educated guess as to the size and shape of our own. On top of that, space technology advanced enough to journey beyond the outer-limits of our galaxy have yet to be developed; Voyager 1 for example, launched in 1977, is the furthest traveled unmanned space vessel to-date, having journeyed somewhere in the vicinity of 20 billion kilometers (for up-to-date tracking on Voyager 1 and 2’s status, visit voyager.jpl.nasa.gov). As remarkably vast this distance may seem, is meager in comparison to cosmic terms.

Despite this shortcoming, Gaia is humankind’s most viable effort yet to better understand the physical and chemical composition of our planetary kingdom, the ambition of such comparable to the Hubble Space Telescope. The satellite is equipped with two telescopes containing ten mirrors with the purpose of reflecting as much light as possible into a series of digital detectors that will then be captured and converted into a digital image. Though a relatively simplistic mechanism, Gaia will nevertheless generate a tremendous amount of new and vital information regarding our galaxy.

For more details pertaining to Gaia and ESA, visit www.esa.int/Gaia

“Gaia’s Internal Structure.” Picture. Astro.utu.fi n.d. 

Eric DeCamp

decamperic@gmail.com